Impacts of state time-in-practice requirements on practice agreement use
Eric Slade, Mitchell Sellers, PhD, Joyce Knestrick, PhD, APRN, FAANP, FAAN, Nancy G. Russell, DNP, APRN, Katharine Bradley, PhD, Rita D'Aoust, PhD, ARNP, FANNP, NAP, FAAN
Abstract
Although full practice authority (FPA) laws are often framed as offering nurse practitioners (NPs) full autonomy from physicians, several recently enacted FPA laws include time-in-practice (TIP) rules that require NPs to maintain a supervisory practice agreement with a physician for a specified period.
Purpose
This study sought to estimate the policy impacts of TIP requirements on the proportion of NPs who retained practice agreements after FPA laws became effective in states with TIP rules (TIP group) and those with no TIP rules (No TIP group).
Citation: Eric P. Slade, Mitchell Sellers, Joyce Knestrick, Nancy G. Russell, Katharine Bradley, Rita D'Aoust. Impacts of state time-in-practice requirements on practice agreement use. Journal of Nursing Regulation,
Volume 16, Issue 4, 2026, Pages 333-341, ISSN 2155-8256,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnr.2025.11.003.